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| 7 | <title>Kyocera | Products | Kyocera Solar Energy | Understanding Solar | Modules </title>
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| 15 | <meta name="description" content="Kyocera Solar, Inc. fulfills wide-ranging needs for distributed solar electricity through two major market channels. First, we supply fully-integrated systems to industrial customers. Second, we have a global network of more than 1,500 Authorized Distributors and Dealers, to whom we supply components, packaged systems, engineering, technical support, and project management.">
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| 70 | <!-- top_menu_end -->
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| 89 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/index.cfm" class="navbold">Kyocera Solar Home</a></td>
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| 92 | </tr>
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| 93 |
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| 100 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 101 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 102 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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| 103 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/about/" class="nav">About Kyocera Solar</a></td>
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| 104 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 105 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 106 | </tr>
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| 107 | <tr>
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| 108 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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| 110 | </tr>
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| 111 | <tr>
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| 112 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 113 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 114 | <td class="snbgg" height="20"><a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/" class="navbold">Understanding Solar</a></td>
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| 115 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 116 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 117 | </tr>
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| 118 |
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| 119 | </tbody></table>
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| 120 | <table width="150" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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| 121 |
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| 122 | <tbody><tr>
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| 123 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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| 124 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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| 125 | </tr>
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| 126 | <tr>
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| 127 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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| 128 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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| 129 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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| 130 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/solarfaq.html" class="nav2">Solar FAQs</a></td>
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| 131 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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| 132 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 133 | </tr>
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| 134 | <tr>
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| 135 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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| 136 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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| 137 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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| 138 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/glossary.html" class="nav2">Solar Glossary</a></td>
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| 139 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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| 140 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 141 | </tr>
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| 142 | <tr>
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| 143 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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| 144 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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| 145 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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| 146 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/basics.html" class="nav2">Electricity Basics</a></td>
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| 147 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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| 148 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 149 | </tr>
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| 150 | <tr>
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| 151 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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| 152 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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| 153 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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| 154 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/packsystems.html" class="nav2">Pre-Packaged Systems</a></td>
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| 155 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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| 156 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 157 | </tr>
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| 158 | <tr>
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| 159 | <td class="snbgw" width="12">
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| 160 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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| 161 | <td class="snbgw" width="134" height="20">
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| 162 | <b>Modules</b></td>
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| 163 | <td class="snbgw" width="4">
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| 164 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 165 | </tr>
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| 166 | <tr>
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| 167 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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| 168 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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| 169 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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| 170 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/mounts.html" class="nav2">Module Mounting</a></td>
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| 171 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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| 172 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 173 | </tr>
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| 174 | <tr>
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| 175 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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| 176 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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| 177 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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| 178 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/controller.html" class="nav2">Controllers</a></td>
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| 179 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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| 180 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 181 | </tr>
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| 182 | <tr>
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| 183 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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| 184 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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| 185 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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| 186 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/inverters.html" class="nav2">Inverters</a></td>
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| 187 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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| 188 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 189 | </tr>
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| 190 |
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| 191 | <tr>
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| 192 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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| 193 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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| 194 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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| 195 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/batteries.html" class="nav2">Batteries</a></td>
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| 196 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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| 197 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 198 | </tr>
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| 199 | <tr>
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| 200 | <td class="snbgg2" width="12">
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| 201 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="12" height="1"></td>
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| 202 | <td class="snbgg2" width="134" height="20">
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| 203 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/learn/pumping.html" class="nav2">Water Pumping</a></td>
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| 204 | <td class="snbgg2" width="4">
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| 205 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 206 | </tr>
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| 207 | </tbody></table>
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| 208 | <table width="150" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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| 209 |
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| 210 |
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| 211 | <tbody><tr>
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| 212 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 213 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 214 | <td class="snbgg" height="20"><a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/news/" class="nav">News & Events</a></td>
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| 215 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 216 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 217 | </tr>
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| 218 |
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| 219 |
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| 220 | <tr>
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| 221 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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| 222 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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| 223 | </tr>
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| 224 |
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| 225 |
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| 226 |
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| 227 | <tr>
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| 228 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 229 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 230 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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| 231 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/products/" class="nav">Solar Products</a></td>
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| 232 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 233 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 234 | </tr>
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| 235 | <tr>
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| 236 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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| 237 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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| 238 | </tr>
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| 239 | <tr>
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| 240 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 241 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 242 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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| 243 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/markets/" class="nav">Markets</a></td>
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| 244 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 245 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 246 | </tr>
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| 247 |
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| 248 |
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| 249 | <tr>
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| 250 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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| 251 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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| 252 | </tr>
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| 253 |
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| 254 | <tr>
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| 255 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 256 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 257 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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| 258 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/support/" class="nav">Technical Information</a></td>
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| 259 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 260 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 261 | </tr>
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| 262 |
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| 263 | <tr>
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| 264 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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| 265 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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| 266 | </tr>
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| 267 |
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| 268 | <tr>
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| 269 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 270 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 271 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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| 272 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/contact/" class="nav">Contact</a></td>
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| 273 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 274 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 275 | </tr>
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| 276 | <tr>
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| 277 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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| 278 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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| 279 | </tr>
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| 280 |
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| 281 | <tr>
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| 282 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 283 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 284 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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| 285 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/locator/" class="nav">Dealer Locator</a></td>
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| 286 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 287 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 288 | </tr>
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| 289 | <tr>
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| 290 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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| 291 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1"></td>
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| 292 | </tr>
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| 293 |
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| 294 | <!--<tr>
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| 295 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 296 | <img src="/images/c.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td>
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| 297 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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| 298 | <a href="/dealers/" class="nav">Become A Dealer</a></td>
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| 299 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 300 | <img src="/images/c.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td>
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| 301 | </tr>
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| 302 | <tr>
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| 303 | <td class="snline" colspan="3">
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| 304 | <img src="/images/c.gif" width="1" height="1" alt="" /></td>
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| 305 | </tr>-->
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| 306 | <tr>
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| 307 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 308 | <img src="modules_files/c.gif" alt="" width="4" height="1"></td>
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| 309 | <td class="snbgg" width="142" height="20">
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| 310 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/search/index.html" class="nav">Search</a></td>
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| 311 | <td class="snbgg" width="4">
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| 352 | <td valign="middle" height="24"><a name="main"></a>
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| 353 | <a class="nta" href="http://americas.kyocera.com/products">Products</a> > <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/" class="nta">Solar Energy</a></td>
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| 359 | <img src="modules_files/t_modules.gif" alt="Solar Modules" width="340" border="0" height="40"></td>
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| 372 |
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| 373 |
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| 376 | <!-- the_content_start -->
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| 377 | <td valign="top" width="443">
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| 378 | <br>
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| 379 | <b>Solar Electric Modules</b><br><br>
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| 380 | <b>Solar Modules Power Characteristics:</b><br>
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| 381 | The current and power output of photovoltaic modules are approximately
|
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| 382 | proportional to sunlight intensity. At a given intensity, a module's
|
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| 383 | output current and operating voltage are determined by the
|
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| 384 | characteristics of the load. If that load is a battery, the battery's
|
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| 385 | internal resistance will dictate the module's operating voltage.
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| 386 | <br><br>A module which is rated at 17 volts will put out less than its
|
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| 387 | rated power when used in a battery system. This is because the working
|
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| 388 | voltage will be between 12 and 15 volts. As wattage (power) is the
|
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| 389 | product of volts times amps, the module output will be reduced. For
|
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| 390 | example: a 50 watt module working at 13.0 volts will produce 39.0 watts
|
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| 391 | (13.0 volts x 3.0 amps = 39.0 watts). This is important to remember
|
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| 392 | when sizing a PV system.
|
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| 393 | <br><br>
|
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| 394 | <img src="modules_files/SI_irradiance.gif" alt="" width="219" align="right" border="0" height="252">An
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| 395 | I-V curve as illustrated to the right is simply all of a module's
|
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| 396 | possible operating points, (voltage/current combinations) at a given
|
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| 397 | cell temperature and light intensity. Increases in cell temperature
|
|---|
| 398 | increase current slightly, but drastically decrease voltage.
|
|---|
| 399 | <br><br>Maximum power is derived at the knee of the curve. Check the
|
|---|
| 400 | amperage generated by the solar array at your battery's present
|
|---|
| 401 | operating voltage to better calculate the actual power developed at
|
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| 402 | your voltages and temperatures.
|
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| 403 | <br><br>
|
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| 404 | <a name="shading"></a>
|
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| 405 | <b>Shading:</b><br>PV modules are very sensitive to shading. Unlike a
|
|---|
| 406 | solar thermal panel which can tolerate some shading, many brands of PV
|
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| 407 | modules cannot even be shaded by the branch of a leafless tree.
|
|---|
| 408 | <br><br>Shading obstructions can be defined as soft or hard sources.
|
|---|
| 409 | If a tree branch, roof vent, chimney or other item is shading from a
|
|---|
| 410 | distance, the shadow is diffuse or dispersed. These soft sources
|
|---|
| 411 | significantly reduce the amount of light reaching the cell(s) of a
|
|---|
| 412 | module. Hard sources are defined as those that stop light from reaching
|
|---|
| 413 | the cell(s), such as a blanket, tree branch, bird dropping, or the
|
|---|
| 414 | like, sitting directly on top of the glass. If even one full cell is
|
|---|
| 415 | hard shaded the voltage of that module will drop to half of its
|
|---|
| 416 | unshaded value in order to protect itself. If enough cells are hard
|
|---|
| 417 | shaded, the module will not convert any energy and will, in fact,
|
|---|
| 418 | become a tiny drain of energy on the entire system.
|
|---|
| 419 | <br><br>Partial-shading even one cell of a 36-cell module, such as the
|
|---|
| 420 | KC120, will reduce its power output. Because all cells are connected in
|
|---|
| 421 | a series string, the weakest cell will bring the <img src="modules_files/SI_shading.gif" alt="" width="231" align="right" border="0" height="142">
|
|---|
| 422 | others down to its reduced power level. Therefore, whether œ of one
|
|---|
| 423 | cell is shaded, or œ a row of cells is shaded as shown above, the power
|
|---|
| 424 | decrease will be the same and proportional to the percentage of area
|
|---|
| 425 | shaded, in this case 50%.
|
|---|
| 426 | <br><br>
|
|---|
| 427 | When a full cell is shaded, it can act as a consumer of
|
|---|
| 428 | energy produced by the remainder of the cells, and trigger
|
|---|
| 429 | the module to protect itself .The module will route the
|
|---|
| 430 | power around that series string. If even one full cell in a
|
|---|
| 431 | <img src="modules_files/SI_shading2.gif" alt="" width="310" align="right" border="0" height="189">
|
|---|
| 432 | series string is shaded, as seen on the right, it will likely
|
|---|
| 433 | cause the module to reduce its power level to œ of its full
|
|---|
| 434 | available value. If a row of cells at the bottom of a module
|
|---|
| 435 | is fully shaded the power output may
|
|---|
| 436 | drop to zero. The best way to avoid a drop in output power
|
|---|
| 437 | is to avoid shading whenever possible.<br><br>
|
|---|
| 438 | <a name="tilt"></a>
|
|---|
| 439 | <b>Tilt Angle:</b><br>To capture the maximum amount of solar radiation
|
|---|
| 440 | over a year, the solar array should be tilted at an angle approximately
|
|---|
| 441 | equal to a site's latitude, and facing within 15º of due south. To
|
|---|
| 442 | optimize winter performance, the solar array can be tilted 15º more
|
|---|
| 443 | than the latitude angle, and to optimize summer performance, 15º less
|
|---|
| 444 | than the latitude angle. At any given instant, the array will output
|
|---|
| 445 | maximum available power when pointed directly at the sun. <br><br>
|
|---|
| 446 | To compare the energy output of your array to the optimum value, you
|
|---|
| 447 | will need to know the site's latitude, and the actual tilt angle of
|
|---|
| 448 | your array-which may be the slope of your roof if your array is
|
|---|
| 449 | flush-mounted. If your solar array tilt is within 15º of the latitude
|
|---|
| 450 | angle, you can expect a reduction of 5% or less in your system's annual
|
|---|
| 451 | energy production. If your solar array tilt is greater than 15º off the
|
|---|
| 452 | latitude angle, the reduction in your system's annual energy production
|
|---|
| 453 | may fall by as much as 15% from its peak available value. During winter
|
|---|
| 454 | months at higher latitudes, the reduction will be greater.
|
|---|
| 455 | <br><br>
|
|---|
| 456 | <a name="azimuth"></a>
|
|---|
| 457 | <b>Azimuth Angle and Magnetic Declination:</b><br>If a south-facing
|
|---|
| 458 | roof is unavailable, or the total solar array is larger than the area
|
|---|
| 459 | of a south-facing roof section, an east or west-facing surface is the
|
|---|
| 460 | next best option. Be aware that solar power output decreases
|
|---|
| 461 | proportionally with a horizontal angle, or "azimuth," greater than 15º
|
|---|
| 462 | from due south. The decrease in annual power output from a
|
|---|
| 463 | latitude-tilted east or west-facing array may be as much as 15% or more
|
|---|
| 464 | in the lower latitudes or as much as 25% or more in the higher
|
|---|
| 465 | latitudes of the United States. Avoid directing your tilted solar
|
|---|
| 466 | panels northwest, north or northeast, as you'll get little power
|
|---|
| 467 | output.
|
|---|
| 468 | <br><br>Magnetic declination, the angle difference between magnetic
|
|---|
| 469 | south and true solar south, must also be taken into account when
|
|---|
| 470 | determining proper solar array orientation. If a magnetic compass alone
|
|---|
| 471 | is used to determine where to point the array, you may not capture the
|
|---|
| 472 | maximum amount of solar radiation. For a general view of the magnetic
|
|---|
| 473 | declination field lines in North America, see the map below.<br><br>
|
|---|
| 474 |
|
|---|
| 475 | If you wish to gain in-depth information about magnetic declination, visit the following website: <a href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/geomag/declination.shtml">http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/geomag/declination.shtml </a>.<br><br>
|
|---|
| 476 | <img src="modules_files/SI_magdec.gif" alt="" width="461" align="right" border="0" height="537"><br><br>
|
|---|
| 477 |
|
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| 478 |
|
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| 479 | </td>
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| 480 | <!-- the_content_end -->
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| 485 | <!-- right_column_start -->
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| 486 | <td valign="top" width="150"><u><b>Article Links</b></u><br><br>
|
|---|
| 487 | <a href="#shading" class="nrml">Shading</a><br><br>
|
|---|
| 488 | <a href="#tilt" class="nrml">Tilt Angle</a><br><br>
|
|---|
| 489 | <a href="#azimuth" class="nrml">Azimuth Angle</a><br><br>
|
|---|
| 490 | </td>
|
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| 492 | </tr>
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| 514 | <a class="nta" href="http://americas.kyocera.com/products">Products</a> > <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/" class="nta">Solar Energy</a></td>
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| 546 | <a href="http://www.kyocerasolar.com/legal/copyright.html" class="copynav">Copyright 2004 Kyocera
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